People > Samsu-Ditana

Samsu-Ditana

Background

Samsu-ditānaTitleKing of BabylonTerm31 years; ca. 1562–1531 BCPredecessorAmmi-SaduqaSuccessorNoneSamsu-ditāna, inscribed phonetically in cuneiform sa-am-su-di-ta-na in the seals of his servants,[1] the 11th and last king of the Amorite or First Dynasty of Babylon, reigned for 31 years,[i 1][i 2] 1625 – 1595 BC (Middle Chronology) or 1562 – 1531 BC (Short Chronology). His reign is best known for its demise with the sudden fall of Babylon at the hands of the Hittites.Contents [hide]1History2External links3Inscriptions4ReferencesHistory[edit]He was the great, great grandson of Hammu-rapi and, although the Babylonian kingdom had shrunk considerably since its peak under this illustrious ancestor, it still extended north from Babylon and the Euphrates to Mari and Terqa. For the most part, he appears to have been non-belligerent and content to stay at home at the seat of his kingdom as none of his year names describe the waging of war or the building of monumental edifices. They are about pious gifts to the gods and the erection of statues dedicated to himself.[2] None of his inscriptions have survived.[3] A royal epic of Gulkišar, the 6th king of the 2nd Dynasty of Babylon, the Sealand Dynasty, describes his enmity against Samsu-ditāna.[4]Samsu-ditāna apparently feared an attack as evidenced in extant tamitu texts, oracle questions addressed to the gods Šamaš and Adad, which name seven “rebel” enemies.[5] However, he was powerless to prevent it, as the Babylonian state was in decay, with offices becoming hereditary, usurping royal prerogative, and payments accepted in lieu of military service to fund the bloated bureaucracy.[6] The eventual coup-de-grace came from an unexpected quarter and his reign was brought to an abrupt end by a raid by the Hittite king, Muršili I in 1595 BC (Middle Chronology), 1531 BC (Short Chronology), which resulted in the sacking and complete devastation of Babylon. The Chronicle of Early Kings[i 3] tersely reported: “At the time of Samsu-ditāna, the Hittites marched against Akkad.” Muršili conquered just to seize loot and captives, without attempting any lasting occupation, a strategy he had previously employed in his opportunistic putsch against Halpa (ancient Aleppo).[7] The Hittite account appears in the Edict of Telepinu, which relates: “Subsequently he marched to Babylon and he destroyed Babylon, and defeated the Hurrian troops, and brought captives and possessions of Babylon to Hattusa.”[i 4]He seized the statues of the Babylonian tutelary deity Marduk and his consort Sarpatinum and transported them to Ḫani where they would not be recovered until the reign of the Kassite king Agum-Kakrime some 24 years later. Babylon was left in ruins and was not reoccupied until the advent of the Kassite dynasty, where documents from Tell Muḥammad are dated by the number of years after it was resettled for the reign of Šipta'ulzi.[8]External links[edit]Samsu-ditāna year-names at CDLI.Inscriptions[edit]Jump up ^ BM 33332 Babylonian King List A i 2.Jump up ^ BM 38122 Babylonian King List B II.Jump up ^ Chronicle of early kings (ABC 20) tablet BM 96152, reverse, line 11: ana tar-ṣi mŠamaš-di-ta-na kurḪat-tu-ú ana kurAkkadiki [illlik-ma].Jump up ^ Edict of Telepinu (CTH19), KBo 3.1, KBo 7.15, KBo 12.4.References[edit]Jump up ^ Douglas Frayne (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.) RIM The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia (Book 4). University of Toronto Press. pp. 436 – 438.Jump up ^ Amanda H. Podany (January 20, 2012). Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press. p. 120.Jump up ^ A. K. Grayson (1975). Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. J. J. Augustin. p. 234.Jump up ^ Odette Boivin (2016). "15) On the origin of the goddess Ištar-of-the-Sealand, Ayyabītu". Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (NABU) (1 (Mars)): 25.Jump up ^ W G Lambert (2007). Babylonian Oracle Questions. Eisenbrauns. p. 143.Jump up ^ Dominique Charpin (1995). "The History of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Overview". In Jack Sasson. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Schribner. p. 817.Jump up ^ H W. F. Saggs (2000). Babylonians. University of California Press. p. 114.Jump up ^ L. Sassmannshausen (2000). "The adaptation of the Kassites to the Babylonian Civilization". In K. Van Lerberghe and G. Voet. Languages and Cultures in Contact at the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamia Realm. Peeters Publishers. pp. 413–414.Regnal titlesPreceded byAmmi-SaduqaKing of Babylon1562 BC-1531 BCSucceeded byOffice abolished

First Dynasty of Babylon